І. В. Корунець порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов навчальний посібник Видання друге, доповнене й перероблене вінниця нова книга

like dog and monkey and the Ukrainian жити як кіт із собакою.

The semantically close near equivalents which constitute a considerable number of idiomatic expressions in the above-mentioned Japanese and English dictionary are presented in column 2 above. They are: to cut one's coat according to one's cloth по своєму ліжку простягати ніжки and in Japanese (in English translation) The crab digs a hole according to his shell. The number of near equivalents of both types is about 80, which corresponds to ab. 10% of their total number of the above-mentioned Japanese, English, German and French dictionary. Therefore, the correlation of the universal near equivalents can certainly be supposed to be larger as compared with the scarce number of absolute idiomatic equivalents presented not only in English and Ukrainian (in comparison to the Japanese ones), but also including the corresponding German and French examples given in the above-mentioned dictionary of Taiji Takashia.

According to the typological calculation, the number of genuine and approximate idiomatic analogies in genealogically non-related languages by far exceeds the number of absolute and near equivalents in them. The three contrasted above languages are no exception of this rule. Most of semantic correspondences in English, Ukrainian and Japanese are also genuine or approximate analogies. This can be seen from the following few examples presenting the overwhelming majority of analogies as compared with the correlated number of the few near and absolute equivalents that were found in the above-named dictionary of Japanese idiomatic and stable expressions. Here are some of them:

In English	In Ukrainian	Japanese analogies in English translation
1 . To take a musket to kill	Стріляти з гармати по	Why use a meat cleaver
a butterfly	горобцях	to cut up a chicken?
2. Shut the stable-door	Замкнути конюшню, як	To see a thief and make a
after the horse is stolen	коня вкрали	rope
3. The higher the ape goes,	Далі в ліс, більше дров (що	The knight jumps too far
the more he his tail shows	далі в ліс, то більше дров)
4. To grease somebody's	"Позолотити" руку (дати	To apply nose ointment
palm	хабаря)
5. Let sleeping dogs lie	Не чіпай лиха, поки тихо	Gods left alone do not
(Wake not a sleeping lion)	(поки воно спить)	curse
6. All cats are grey in the	Уночі що сіре, то й вовк	At night, at a distance,
dark		wearing a hat

As could be seen from the above listed examples, genuine idiomatic

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analogies even in genealogically not akin languages are semantically more transparent than the approximate phraseological/idiomatic analogies. This can be seen from the so-called Japanese idiomatic expressions listed under number 1, 2,5 and 6. Thus, №1 Why use a meat cleaver to cut up a chicken? corresponds to the English To take a musket to kill a butterfly or to the Ukrainian стріляти з гармати по горобцях. Similarly in the Japanese No 2: to see a thief and make a rope which corresponds to the English to shut the stable-door after the horse is stolen and to the Ukrainian замкнути конюшню, як коня вкрали and others.

Approximate analogies, naturally, are still more obscure due to their componental parts/images which are mostly very different in non-related/far distant, as in case of the Japanese languages. Sometimes they are hardly recognizable for the Europeans in general. Cf. for example, the one listed under №3: The knight jumps too far that corresponds to the English Let sleeping dogs lie and to the Ukrainian idiom He чіпай лихо, доки тихо. Similarly in № 4: To apply nose ointment which corresponds to the English To grease somebody's palm and in Ukrainian "позолотити руку " (дати хабаря).

Therefore, typologically relevant universal idiomatic expressions may presumably be found only among the group/class of idiomatic near equivalents and among the so-called genuine and approximate idiomatic analogies, which are stable expressions having different componental parts/ images but a similar/analogous lexical meaning.

Topics for Self-Testing and Individual Preparation

1. Point to the extralingual factors predetermining the birth and func tioning of universal lexicon.
   
2. Name and characterise all existing approaches to and principles of the systemic study and classification of lexicon.
   

4. Point out the common/isomorphic and divergent/allomorphic fea tures in the onomasiological structure of some English vs. Ukrainian no tional and functional words.
   
5. Point to the correlation of the phonetic/phonological, morphologi cal, and semantic types of motivation in the lexical units of English and Ukrainian.
   

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6. Point out the typologically isomorphic layers of lexicon in the En glish and Ukrainian languages. State the correlation between the stylisti cally neutral and stylistically evaluative units of lexicon in the contrasted languages.
   
7. Characterise the socially predetermined layers of lexicon in the contrasted languages. Expand on the international terminological, pro fessional, literary, colloquial, low colloquial etc. words and expressions in the contrasted languages.
   
8. Expand on the 1) common Indo-European stock of words in En glish and Ukrainian 2) on nationally specific English vs. Ukrainian lexis.
   
9. Define the types of derivational morphemes/affixes and the role of agglutination in English and Ukrainian word-formation.
   
10. Speak on the national and international word-forming/affixal mor phemes in English and Ukrainian.
    
11. Expand on the phenomenon of substantivisation, adjectivisation, verbalisation and adverbialisation in English and Ukrainian.
    
12. Expand on the typological isomorphism of suppletivity as a word- formating and form-building means in English and Ukrainian.
    

13.Point out the isomorphic and allomorphic features in the identification, classification and functioning of international, national, and universal types of idiomatic expressions.

14. Expand on the typological classification of idiomatic and stable expressions in the genealogically different languages.

Exercises for Class and Homework

Exercise I. Read carefully the А, В and C passages. Identify in each of them: a) notionals forming a layer of lexicon due to the environmental principle and b) notionals forming a layer of lexicon due to the socially predetermined principle.

A. Suleiman-din-Daoud was wise. He understood what the beasts said, what the birds said, what the fishes said and what the insects said. He understood what the rocks said deep under the earth when they bowed in towards each other and groaned: and he understood what the trees said when they rustled in the middle of the morning. (Kipling)

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В. М. Kotsyubynskyi was at the centre of civic initiatives in Chernihiv, where he collaborated with the Prosvita, a Ukrainian organisation for the promotion of education and culture. The Chernihiv period was remarkably prolific for Kotsyubynskyi, who wrote quite a few essays, sketches, novelettes and stories, in which he identified himself with the European school of psychological prose. (Ukraine, № 8)

The State Tax Administration (STA) has announced it has busted a well-developed network of bogus facilities which launder shadow funds. It was found that the Taki Dila (Such Things) publishing house was involved in legalising the latter, the STA press service says. The tax administration considers this facility an active law breaker and has inspected it out of political considerations but because is was part of a widespread money laundering network, which used for this purpose bogus firms, commercial straw men forged documents, and contracts. Moreover, the STA inspection was pursuant to a Central Electoral Commission request to check the reports that Yuliya Tymoshenko's bloc was violating Election law in producing printed matter.

It was found that a subsidiary had put to its own accounts hundreds of thousands of hryvnias it received from the Product BVO bogus firm which contracted Taki Dila to produce printed matter for the Tymoshenko's election bloc and laundered this money by having this order filled. (The Day)

Exercise II. Analyse the meaning of each noun, adjective and cardinal numeral in the English and Ukrainian passages below. State, whether their meanings are denotative only or connotative only.

A. Liquid crystals display screens, or LCD's are used in many lap top computers, calculators and other electronic devices. It may not be long before the screens of full-size personal computers and television sets are made of liquid crystals, too.

B. У контрабандистки було виявлено ікони, 4208 американських доларів, 1500 франків, 410 російських рублів, 13260 західнонімецьких марок, 1620 польських злотих, а також злитки золота вагою 112,72 грама. (З газет).

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Exercise III. Read carefully first the English and then the Ukrainian passage below and point out the animal names which have apart from their denotative meaning also a connotative meaning in one of the contrasted languages only or in both the contrasted languages.

A. The Dog was wild, and the Horse was wild, and the Cow was wild, and the Sheep was wild, and the Pig was wild. But the wildest of all the wild animals was the Cat. Now there is also the Rat up in the Moon... (Kipling) You only make an ass of yourself... (B. Shaw) "You made a monkey of me last week..." (Carter)

B. За золотими ґратами млів папуга... (Ільченко) Вирячився, як баран на нові ворота. Вовком дивиться. (Приказки) ...а капітани — справжні морські вовки. (Яновський) Як же це ти таку ґаву упіймав... (Кропивницький). Хлоп'ята стали грати у свинки. (Мирний). А соцький, він свиня пиката. (Кропивницький)

Exercise IV. Try to prove the universal nature of the socially distinct

layers/ groups of lexicon in the passages below.

A. I wad na been surpris'd to spy would not have been

You on an auld wife's flainen toy; old flannel cap

Or aiblings some bit duddie boy, maybe small ragged

On's wyliecoat; flannel vest

But Miss's fine Lunardi! fye! ballon, bonnet

How daur ye do't! (R. Burns. To a Louse) dare

В. Зблизившися до хати, він поздоровив її і станув на хвилинку. Відтак мусив іти дальше. Все (всі) гуртом погнало до керниці. Декоторі з моїх камратів похорувалися зі спеки, ...а один німець помер, сарака, таки під час маневрів. Ба сеє візьме (Михайло) в руки, ба теє. Ба йде в поле, ба вештається коло тварин, коло бджіл. (Кобилянська).

Exercise V. Read the English and Ukrainian sentences/lines carefully and state, whether the divergences in the means of expressing stylistic/genre peculiarities of speech testify to the systemic organisation of lexicon in English and Ukrainian.

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A. Ye voices, that arose After the Evening close And Whispered to my restless heart repose, Spake full well in language quaint and olden. One who dwelleth by the castled Rhine... (Longfellow) I speak not, I trace not, I breathe not thy name. (Byron) Hark! heard you not the for est, monarch's roar? Thrice sounds the clarion; Lo! the signal falls. In truth he was a noble steed. A Tartar of the Ukraine breed. Awake, bold Blight! the foe is at the gate! Without a sigh he left to cross the brine. A few short hours, and he will rise To give the morrow birth: and I shall hail the main and skies... Strange pangs would flash Along Child Harold's brow. (After Byron)

B. Так, вже знялася бранная тривога, Коні ржуть, почувши дим війни. (Кочерга) Прийдуть роки, з полону бранець верне. (Л. Українка) Двадцятий вік нову главу в історії почав. (Дорошко) Ще сідла там були... І крицеві панцири. (Ільченко) Йде вояк, закутий в зброю. Щит червлений на руці. (Олесь) Ланіти і уста марніють зримо. (Шевченк) Літа пригасили горе... (Стельмах) Ой поїхав з України козак молоденький — Оріхове сіделечко, ще й кінь вороненький. (Народна пісня)

Exercise VI. Read and translate the English (A) words into Ukrainian and the (B) words into English. Point out a) words whose onomasiological form and semasiological structure coincides and b) words whose onomasiological form and semasiological structures do not coincide in the contrasted languages.

Model: five п'ять — the onomasiological form and the semasiological structure of the word coincide; ski (v) ходити на лижвах (word-group) — the onomasiological form is different in Ukrainian; рука hand/ arm — the semasiological structure of the word is larger in English.

A. Blue, red, two-thirds, forty, handsome, akimbo, fall in love, good- for-nothing (n), merry-go-round, forget-me-not, examinee, portable (n), snow-ball, participate, teach-in, fishing-rod, ink-pot, sidewise, hairdress er, decamp, perfectible.

B. Розкохати (когось), свататися, господарювати, спатки, окріп, літепло, санітар, миттєво, самотужки, самохіть, вусики, вустонька, кулачище, кабанюга, кільканадцять, щонайкраще, якнайбільше, по-

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нашому, нога, палець, покашлювати, попоїсти, попоходити, славитися, викати, тикати, нікати/некати, штокати.

Exercise VII. Read the English and Ukrainian words and word-combinations below. Point to the existence or non-existence of isomorphism and the types of their motivation in the contrasted languages.

A. Black, blacken, large, enlarge, examinee, forget, unforgettable, good, goodish, hang, hiss, moo, cock-a-doodle-doo; foot of a mountain, school of fish, arms of a coat, arms of a chair/of a tree, to warm the viper, to make both ends meet, to have a sleepless pillow, to man ships.

B. Збір, збирач, вимога, вимогливий, товариський, кульбаба, кульбабовий, гейкати, мекати, ґелґотати, сьорбати, дзеленчати," квітень, квітневий, лютий, лютневий, підкопуватися (під когось), носити каменя в пазусі, рісочки в роті не мати, не знати ні бе, ні ме/ ні кукуріку, купатися в розкошах, липкий на руку, пастися в чужому городі, пастися в чужому зошиті.

Exercise VIII. Analyse carefully the given groups of English and Ukrainian words and word-groups/stable expressions below. Try to allot them to the corresponding layers of lexicon: internationalisms (terms), professionalisms, archaisms, neologisms, poetisms. State their typologically national or universal nature.

A. Electron, bacteria, cholera, motor, computer, theorem, triangle, grammar, physics, jurisdiction, lawyer, teacher, dentist, poem, culture, addition/summation, subtraction, pronoun, attribute, predicate, prefix, cu bic equation, outer space, specific gravity, scooling, telelecture, drug, educationalist, anarch, sire, albeit, harken.

B. Кібернетика, література, музика, поезія, академія, інститут, журнал, пекар, письменник, хлібороб, фінанси, валютний фонд, педагогіка, філософія, консенсус, імпічмент, ламбада, рекет, орендар, скрижалі, мечники, списники, осавули, земне тяжіння, питома вага, електричне поле, коротке замикання, керування, узгодження.

Exercise IX. Compare each of the 4 corresponding types of idiomatic expressions in English and Ukrainian. Give your reasons for the non-existence of absolute onomasiological equivalents and the existence of

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some semasiological variants in all languages of the world.

A. Achilles' heel, to cross the Rubicon, the apple of one's eye, be tween Scylla and Charybdis,the labour of Sisyphus, the massacre of the innocents, the Trojan horse, a prodigal son, the Ten Commandments, wise Solomon, the game is/is not worth the candles, Augean stables.

B. A crooked stick throws a crooked shadow, strike the iron while it is hot, when at Rome do as the Romans do, there is no use crying over spilled milk, scratch my back and I'll scratch yours, a good beginning is half the battle, the iron heel, when pigs fly.

C. To do harm, to make decision, to be in a hurry, to be on the alert, to keep within the law, to make money, to take part, to say the truth, to throw light, to turn smth. upside down, a war of words, what of it? to take measures, to say no/yes, strike the iron while it is hot, never say die.

D. To accept the Chiltern Hundreds, to cut off with a shilling, Hob- son's choice, to dine with Duke Humphrey, to mind one's p's and q's, to treat like a lord, time is money, when Queen Ann was alive, a pretty penny, to carry coals to Newcastle, to fight like Kilkenny cats.

A. Альфа й омега, гордіїв вузол, жереб кинуто, канути в Лету, око за око, зуб за зуб; золотий телець, бути на сьомому небі, Пандорина скринька, пригріти гадюку в пазусі, галас волаючого в пустелі, винищення немовлят, блудний син, тридцять срібняків.

Б. Кирпу гнути (дерти носа); народитися в сорочці; не знати ні бе, ні ме; що з воза впало, те пропало; скажеш гоп, як перескочиш; не спитавши броду, не лізь у воду; накивати п'ятами; що кому, а курці просо; не вчи вченого; який батько - такий син, яка хата -такий тин; нізащо в світі, загнати туди, де Макар телят не пас.

B. Водити компанію, володіти собою, волосся стає дибки, вразливе місце, грати на нервах, гучна слава, давати дорогу, давати змогу, дивитися здивовано/великими очима, морочити собі голову, поширювати чутки, верзти/молоти нісенітниці, казав пан кожух дам.

Г. Збити з пантелику, дурне сало без хліба, пекти раки, скакати в гречку, товкти воду в ступі, ложка дьогтю в бочці меду, наговорити сім кіп/мішків гречаної вовни, на козаку нема знаку; товчеться, як Марко в пеклі, (не довго) ряст топтати, не спіши поперед батька в пекло, як чугуївська верства, ти його хрести, а воно кричить "пусти".

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TYPOLOGY OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE CONTRASTED LANGUAGES

The morphological systems of the English and Ukrainian languages are characterised by a considerable number of isomorphic as well as of several allomorphic features. The isomorphic features are due to the common Indo-European origin of the two languages, while allomorphisms have been acquired by English and Ukrainian in the course of their historical development and functioning as independent national languages.

The main typological constants that make the object of contrasting at the morphological level of English and Ukrainian, and not only of these but also of many other languages, are three. These are 1) the morpheme; 2) the parts of speech; 3) their morphological categories.

The principal typological constant of the morphological level is, of course, the morpheme which is endowed in both contrasted languages with some minimal meaning. As to its structure, the morpheme may be

1. simple (one-phoneme):