                               5 ଠ⨧ ⢠: 樠-
 ᫮,
              ।뫪  ᫥⢨


樠 ।뫪 ଠ⨧樨 -  ,      -
⢥,  ⮡ 砫 ᯥ譮 ࠧ뢠 ᮢ  ଠ⨧-
樨.  樠  ᫮ ଠ⨧樨 -  ॠ쭠 ⠭,  
ன ந室  ଠ⨧樨.  樠 ᫥⢨ -
ଠ⨧樨 - ॠ  ண㥬   ⢥,  ந-
室騥  ﭨ ଠ⨧樨.  室 ⬥,  ⨥
"樠쭮" ࠪ  ப   㧪 ᫥ ᫮:  - "樠-
"  ப ᫥ ᫮ ⮦⢥  "⢥". -
७  ⮬ ᫥ ᫮  ।뫮 ଠ⨧樨 -  -
 ॠ쭮  室 ﭨ    ⢠  -
 ७  ⮢ ਭ  ࠧ ଠ⨧;  - "-
樠쭮"  㧪 ᫥ ᫮.   ⮬ 室 ᬠਢ  -
ଠ樮  ᮡ  ⢮  ࠧ  樠 㯯,
஢  ⮢   ଠ⨧樨,  ⠪ 砥 -
樠쭠    ᮮ⭮襭  ᮬ ଠ⨧樨.

孨᪨ ᯥ  樠  ᫮   ।뫮 ଠ⨧樨.
⨥ 㪨  孨 - ⮫箪  ।⢮ ॠ樨 ᮢ  -
ଠ⨧樨.      ᨨ  ଠ⨧樨 㯠  3-
䠧 ࠧ. 1- 䠧 - 砫 70-  -  ᫨⥫
।,   ⮬⨧஢ ࠡ ᨬ쭮 -
ଠ樨 ("-32",   -).   ⮬ ⠯  ᮧ  
  / ࠭ᯮ⮬, ࣮⥬, ஭ ᮬ[1].
2- 䠧 - 1983 ,   뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭ 饣㤠⢥ ண-
ࠬ    ࠧ  । ᫨⥫쭮 孨    2000 
(⢥  "맮" ,  襩  ᮧ 設  ⮣  -
).    1989  﫠 ணࠬ ଠ⨧樨  2005  
裡  室 ࠦ   । ᮭ쭮 ଠ-
.  1993   - 砫 3 ⠯.  室 ᮧ ᫥ ᯠ
 楯樨 ଠ⨧樨 .  孨᪠  ଠ⨧樨 -
⢥  ᫠  - ਭ 뭥 鸞 ஭ ।-
⨩-ந⥫ ᫨⥫쭮 孨  ࠨ    㣨  ࠭
.  ᬠਢ  孨᪨ ᯥ ᫮ ଠ⨧樨  ᨨ
⬥⨬,    ࠭  筮   ⥭樠,  
  ࠧ㬭  ᨨ    孨᪨ ᯥ ஡
ଠ⨧樨.   ⢥  ⥭権    ⬥:
ਡ ⢠ ⠪ 뢠 "᭮"  "⮩" ᡮப -
஢ ,   䠪,   1993  㦥  ⨩ த  -
ᨨ ᮭ   ᮡ࠭   ਨ,  ⠪ 砫
ࠡ  ਩ ந 㯥- "".    ⢥
ᮧ   筮 騢 ᢮  ࠧ 㭨-
樮  (),  ।⠢ 㧫 ࠡ⪨   ﬨ
裡.    ﭨ     業   ⠯ ଠ⨧樨
(砫쭮,  ।,  饬) 室     ⢮.
⠯ 㯠  稨  ।뫮, ᬮ७ 
  ᯥ⭮ ஡ ଠ⨧樨.  .. -
订 । ᫥ ਪ[2]:
     - ࠭ 䠧 ଠ⨧樨 ⢠  㯠    ⨦
     饩      ᮢ㯭 ᫨⥫쭮 魮 浪
     10 /ᥪ/祫.  (ࠧ뢠 筮   㣮த
     ⥫䮭 );  -  䠧 ଠ⨧樨 ⢠ -
     ⢥ ⨦ 㯮⮩  ᫨⥫쭮  魮  10
     .  /ᥪ/祫.  (  ⨢ ଠ樮 ⠪
      童 ⢠  ਭ樯 "  ").
           । ⥬  ᫨⥫쭮 魮   ᫮-
      "ଠ쭮" ࠧ  ଠ⨧樨 -  10  ࠧ  
     ⨫⨥.    ⠯ ଠ⨧樨 ⢠  楫 
       7  ⨫⨩.  ਬ  室    孨᪨
     ।  ᯥ祭 ࠡ 㧫  ⢠ " ଠ-
     ⨧樨" ᫥ ᥫ 浪 100 .祫.,  ⠪: -
     䮭    -  200 ..  ᮭ  - 100
     ..  - - 400 ..  ।  - 40  ..
     㯥- - 400 .
ࠢ⥫  砫 90- : -  ᨨ ࠧ ⥫䮭-
        30 . ⮢, .. ⢥  ଠ⨧-
     樨 孨᪠ ।뫪 - ஢ ⥫䮭樨 - 쬠  -
     ᮪. ⢮ ⥫䮭  1000 ⥫  拉 ࠭ ( -
     ﭨ  1991):
 - 1289;  - 650; ⠭ - 521;  -111... 
-55.   ﭨ  1993    ஢  ᭠饭  ⥫䮭
 33     21  ய.  業 ᯥ⮢,  ᨨ
ࠡ  7-8 .  ,     ⢥
த樥   ॢ室 1 ..;  -   㭪樮  250
.  ⥫䮭 ⮢   40 .  .   2000    ᫮
짮⥫   ⨣ 1 .   ⢮ 㯫  -
 ᫮ 㯫 ⥫஢.
      ࠧ,   室  砫쭮 ⠤ ଠ⨧-
樨,  -   । 䠧.

᪨ ᫮  ।뫪 ଠ⨧樨.  ᭮ -
᪮ ।뫪   . ꥬ 뤥-
  室  ଠ⨧樨 䨭ᮢ  ।  ࠧ
   浪 (⮨ 㯥- -  15-20 .  $).  
࠭ த ᪨ ਧ.  娩  ᨨ
   ᯮ짮     㦤 ଠ-
⨧樨.  ॠ 䨭ᮢ ।⢠  ଠ⨧樨 
ॣ.
      ந⢠  ᨨ 300 . ⥫䮭 ⮢
室 ࠤ쭠 ன 楫 鸞 ᫥ ஬諥
,  ॡ ஬ ⠫. 襭 ஡ ⥫䮭-
樨  ᨨ ⢫ २⢥   ⥬ ᬨ-
 裡 ( ⥬ "", 饩  3-4 ࠧ  祬
 뭥 饩 ⥬ "ਧ" ய᪭ ᯮᮡ, ᮢ-
 ᯫ  ⭨  ..). ꥬ த   "-
樮" ஭  80-    ⥬  10 ࠧ  ⨫-
⨥.

᪨ ᫮  ।뫪 ଠ⨧樨. 室 ।-
뫪  ଠ⨧樨,   㦥 ⬥砫,   ⨧.
 ⨨ 㦭 ᮢ襭 ଠ樮  ।.    
᪨  ᫮  ଠ⨧樨   ᨨ  ⬥,   
ᨨ 쬠 㡮 ୨ ⨨   ᪮ ,
   ⥬ ⨧樨 ᨨ 易  ⨬
ࠪ஬ ᮢ६ .  ⢨  ᪮  ⠡쭮
த ᤥন ⮪   ࠭ 権,  
    ࠢ  ଠ⨧.  ᫮  ।-
뫪 ଠ⨧樨  ୮-客 .  1) ⥯ ⨢-
 ⮢ ᥫ  ᯮ짮  孮 ଠ-
樨.   樮  ⮢   ७ 
ଠ樮 孮 ࠪୠ  72,7%, ࠪ᪠  ⮢-
 - 57,2%[3]. 2) ୠ ࠬ⭮   ᮮ⢥
室 ᯥ祭 ᮪ ⥬ ଠ⨧樨,    
 ଠ樮 . 3) ଠ樮 ࠧ    -
 ମ   ᨨ,  ଠ   ᮪ 権 
⥬ 祫᪨ 業⥩.  ଠ樮 ᮧ 室-
  ⠤ ⠭ (業 ⥫ 祫  襬  砥
  ஢   ਠ ⪮).  4) ⨦ ᮪
୮-客 ⥭樠, ⠢騬 ண  -
 ⢮ , ⢫ 客 ⢮  , -
⥫ .   ᮦ, ७ᯮᮡ ⢥ -
 ࠧࠡ⮪  (1980.  - 9,1%,  1985. - 7,4%, 1987. - 5%), 
ᨨ  2,5 ࠧ  㤥⮢,  祬  ,  ஢ ନ஢-
 ⢥ 祭  100 ࠧ ,  祬 ਪ᪮ -
.

  ⥬ 室 ⠭   室 ᫮  -
  ⨢ ਠ ࠧ  ଠ⨧樨  ᨨ. -
    ᨨ   ࠧ襭 ᪫뢠  ।뫮  -
  ଠ⨧樨, ᮮ⢥ ᪮ 室  ଠ⨧樨
  ⢠.  室 न 襭,  騥  ८
  孮᪮ ⠢ ᨨ 
। ࠭ , ਬ: - ⢮ । ଠ樮-
         孮  ६ ᯥ祭 ଠ樮 -
        ᭮ ᨨ;
  - ।  ࠧ    樠  ८ࠧ 饣
     (ਬ,  ମ ଠ樮   ᪮  砫
     ⢠);  - ᯮ짮  ⢥ ᭮饣 ਭ樯
     ଠ樮 ;
        - ⨢   ⨢ 襭 樠 ஡ 
᭮ ᨬ ""  "ࠢ " 堭  -
㭨樨.    ᯮ , ⠭  樮쭮
⨥ ਠ ଠ⨧樨.   - "ࠢ" ॣ-
   ࠬ  ⮣ ⥫⢠   ࠭ १
㢥 ⥬ ଠ⨧樨, ᢮ ⥬  ।  -
樮 ⭮襭 ࠭.

᫮   ।뫪  ଠ⨧樨  樠쭮 .  樠쭠
 -   ७ ந⢠ 祫   筮-
,    ꥪ  ᪮ .  ⥭樠 ᯮᮡ
 祫 ᯮ  । ᥣ  10%.  ⥫쭮 -
  ⥫,  ਡ   ꥪ⨢ 㡥 -
⥩ 祫 - 쥧  ⢠,   ᢮  -
   ண ଠ樮 孨  孮.   -
 ᥩ ଠ, ଠ樮 孮 ᯮᮡ 襭
"⢠  ",  ᯮᮡ  襭  ᫮ "ந⢠"
筮?   ⮣ 室 ᢮   祫  -
樠쭮-⮢  ( ଠ樮 業 㭨樯⮢,  䥪 
..),  ᪮, ᪮, ୮-客  . ଠ-
樨. ᮡ 樠쭮 祭 ८⠥ ᠬ 䠪  -
஢  ( ᥬ),  ᪨ ᠤ, 誮  㧠.

樠쭠  ⢠  ଠ樮 窨 ७.  ࠨ-
  樠     ਥ:  ⨯ ᮡ⢥,
஢ ,  ,    .., 室  祭
 "ଠ樮 १".  祢, ਬ,  ⨢-
 ⭮襭  ଠ⨧樨   ࠢ    쬨  
襣 .   㣨  ਠ ஢ ⢠ 
⠪ 祢 "ଠ樮 १",  室 ᯥ樠 樮-
᪨ ᫥.     䥪⨢ -
祭   ଠ⨧樨 ࠧ 樠 㯯.

樠 ᫥⢨ ଠ⨧樨.    ᨣ  "᫥⢨
ଠ⨧樨   ઠ ⢥"[4]  訬 ਬ஬
⥬ 室   樠 ᫥⢨ ଠ⨧樨:






  ⥫ ᫥⢨ ⥫ ᫥⢨

                                ࠧ⨥ -
 "⮬⨧" 祫 ଠ樮 ⢮  㬠
 樠 ଠ樨 (1) 孮᪮ 諥 㭨-
⨢ ⢮  ୮ ஢  (3)  ८  ਧ
 ଠ樨 樢樨 (2) ୮  (ਧ)(4)
  (5)

                                               ७ ᢮-
   ᢮ 業ࠫ ࠫ ࠢ -
娨  (6) 㤠⢮ - "⥫" (7) ७  ⨥  
७ 㤠⢥ ⢥  ப⨨
ᨫ    ᨫ 樨 쬨

                               襭  த⨢
    ᫮ 樮  襭 ⥭-
 (8) ७ ஬諥 祭 ⢠ ਧ  ८-
 ਧ 業  ᮢ থ ਧᠬ
࠭ 㦠饩 । ⠭⨧ 業ࠫ ᮢ -
  ஬諥   ॡ   த 쭮
 襭 ⢠ 㬠 㤠 䨪  -
樨     ᨨ  䨪 䨪樨 (9) -
祧 ᫥
ᨩ

                 樮쭠 ᨬ (10)
ᨫ ᨬ  蠭  ࠧ⨥ 孮᪠
ᨬ  ࠭ "쥣 " ७ ⭮襭  - -
 ஭ᯮᮡ  ࠭ 梨
ᨫ ᭮   -   ⥬

                 ਩  ⠡ ᨣ:

1."樠 ଠ樨" - 㢥祭 ⥯ ࠢ -
樨  樠 ; 2. "८ ਧ 樢樨" - ᮧ-
  ।뫮   ࠧ襭 쭮 ᪮ ਧ,
襭 ஡ ⮩稢 ࠧ 樢樨  楫[5]. 3. "᭨-
  ୮  ஢"  -  ࠧ⨥  ଠ樮 । ᮧ
।뫪  襭 ୮ ஢ (    ᮪-
頬 ⥪,  㧥  ..),  ⮬᪨   ந-
.   १ 㢥祭 ᫠ ,  堭᪨
ॡ⥫ﬨ  ।⠢塞  ଠ樨.  4.  "୮  " -
᭮ ஬ ਧ樨   ⢥,  
  㧪 , "孥" ⢥ ᫮ -  (᪮, -
᪮  ..). 5. " " -  ⢥ ॣ㫨-
 ଠ⨧  ਢ  ⮬,     ,
 ࠢ,  । - १ .  ,   -
, ⢨ ॡ  ᢮ , ᥤ  த⢥
- 쬠 ᭮ 樠쭮 . 6. "ࠢ 娨 "
  ଠ⨧㥬  ⢥    ந室   祭
襣 ᫠   ⨪,  ᮧ ᫮   襭  
樠쭮 . 7. 㤠⢮- "⥫" - 䠭, "-
"   孮.  ᮢ६ 孮 -
 ஫  ⮫쪮 ,   ᫥ .   5 
 " ଠ樨, ଠ⨧樨   ଠ樨"[6] ᮭ
  ⭥ᥭ   ⥣ਨ 䨤樠쭮 ଠ樨.  ᫨ -
⢮  㤥 ᮧ ᫮    ᯨ⠭  ⥫㠫쭮
祫,     ࠢ塞, ண㥬 . 8.
"襭 ⥭⭮"   ୠ⨢  ⮬  -  "䨪-
".   ࠫ쭠  ⭮襭  祫,    ।⠢
   ॠ樨   楫. 9. "
ᨨ  䨪樨"  ,  㣮 ஭,  祧
᫥ ᨩ.  ,  ⥫㠫 -
ᨩ   ᪫ ࠭ ଠ樨  ⮫쪮  祧-
 孮,     樠 , ᯥ稢  ॠ-
  (⨯ ,   ⭮襭,  ⠫).   孮
ᮧ ᪨ ࠬ,  ᪮ ⠫,  ॣத⮩  
.,      ⠭ ᥣ  ⥫쭮 ⥯
易    樠쭮  .  10.  "樮쭠
ᨬ" ,  㣮 ஭, "梨". ஢ ࠧ -
ଠ⨧樨,  ⥫ 樨  㤠⢠ 室  -
樨 樮쭮 ᨬ. 饨⭠ ஫ ⠪ 䠪஢ 
⢮  ⢮ 㦥 ᨫ ஭,  ନ஢  ࠢ-
  ⢥  ,   () ଠ樨 
⨢ ᪨ 権  ᪥ 室 ᪨  -
襭.  ⢠, 㯨襣  䠧 ଠ⨧樨 䠪 孮-
᪮ 뢠 ⠭  ᮬ, 祬 ᫥ ॢ室⢮
ନ.  ० ᥣ  䠪   孮 ଠ樮-
- ᮢ.   "宫᪠ ", "-㦨",
"窠 ", "஢"  ..  ॠ ᮤঠ-
. 樮 ⥬  ⠭ ꥪ⠬ ⥣᪮ -
祭.  樮쭠  ᨬ  ᨨ 室 -
⢥ ॣ㫨஢ 孮᪮ 㤭⢠   ,
 ࠦ  楯樨 ଠ樮 ᭮ ,  拉 ଠ⨢-
 㬥⮢( ਬ,   १  "   ᮡ
     ந⢠,  ॠ樨  ᯫ樨 -
 ।,  ⠪ ।⠢    ஢ -
ଠ樨") [7].


                           :

1.   "拉 祬稪"?  // ࠢ, 20 ५ 1994 . 2. -
订 ..  3. ஡ ଠ⨧樨 ,  3/4,1993, .81-88. 4. ⮢
..   ୮ ॢ樨. ., 1991, .217. 5.  ..
ଠ⨧  ⢠   室  ⮩稢 ࠧ 樢樨
// ⭨ , 1993,  1-3, .35-45. 6.   ଠ樨, -
⨧樨     ଠ樨 // ᨩ᪠ ,  22 䥢ࠫ 1995
.  7. PKZIP/PGP/etc   // ,  16(96), 24 ५
1995 .

























