                                 4 ଠ樮  ⢠

ଠ樮 ਧ 砫 70-   : ।뫪, ᮤঠ-
,  ᨬ⮬  樠쭮 ࠪ⨪, ᫥⢨. ଠ樮 -
 砫 70-      ᭨  䥪⨢  -
ଠ樮 : - १  ꥬ 㡫㥬 ; - 
㯯 ࠧ ᯥ樠⮢ ⠫ 㤭 ; -  ꥬ -
㡫  ଠ樨;  -  ᫠ ஡ 몮  
. ࠤ 樠쭮 㭨樨  ᫮ ଠ樮 -
 -  ଠ樮 "஬", .. ଠ樮 "-
" (ࠧ  ꥬ 樮ଠ樨), ᮯ஢饣
ଠ樮  ""  (䨧᪨  ࠭祭ﬨ 祫 
⨨  ࠡ⪥ ଠ樨  㤭ﬨ   뤥  㦭
ଠ樨    饣 ⮪).  ⢥ 蠣   ࠧ襭
ଠ樮 ਧ ⠫ ᮧ  1971  ய.  
ࠧ,  ᠬ 㠫쭮  ன    ஡ ᮧ,
࠭  䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ଠ樮 ᮢ  ().
ந諮  ନ஢   ᠬ⥫쭮  ⢥
 - ଠ樮,  饣  設⢮  㣨
ᮢ ⢠. 쭥訩 ண ⢠  ⥫쭮 ⥯
易 ᥣ  ᮢ襭⢮ ଠ樮 , -
䥪⨢  ନ஢,  ࠧ饭  ᯮ짮 ଠ樮
ᮢ  த⮢.

ଠ樮  ⢠ - । .  ⨥ "-
樮   ⢠" ()    祢 ⨩
樠쭮 ଠ⨪.  ப ᯮ짮 ⮣   砫
᫥ 室  1984   ஬ .. "樮 ଠ樮-
 :  ஡ ஬諥 ᯫ樨".    㡥
80-   ਭ樯쭮   - 樮 ଠ樮
 - 뫮 ᫮ 饩 ᨬ ஬諥  ࠧ
࠭  筨 ଠ樨 (孨᪮, ᪮, -
,  ),  ⠪  ஢ ࠧ  䥪⨢ ᯮ짮-
 । ।  ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨.  ⨥  室 
⠤ ନ஢,  㤭  筮 । 易 
筮    ᫮ ⠪ ⨩  "",  "ଠ-
",  ""  ..    ।    -
⢥ ,  ⮢  楫ᮮࠧ 樠쭮 ᯮ-
 [1].

।⠢ 奬 ᮧ  ࠧ  :



  ଠ樮. ଠ樮.  - ⥭樠 -

                    㦤 ⨢  ଠ樮
                                                                   -
ᮢ

                                                                        
  樮쭮 ⢮. ஡ "窨 "  ᨨ.
 ⬥,    ,  樮 ⢮, 
室  ⨥ ,      㦤  ⥫ -
.  ஢ " "   ࠭ । -
  ᫥,  ஢ ࠧ,  ᨮ쭮 䨪樨 
..      樮 ⢮ 易 砫쭮 -
⭠  ஡ "窨 "  ᨨ.     ᨨ,  
1992  ஢ 4576,    1993  - 5876 ࠡ⭨ 㪨  
ࠧ.   "륧"  31-45 .   ண -
ᨨ  ய  ࠧ,  ⪨ ᨨ  ⮣  
 ⨣ 50-60 . $  .  ᭮ ,  -
譨 ⠡ ⥫㠫쭮 樨 - ⮫쪮 設 ᡥ࣠ 
ࠢ  ⥬,   .  뢠 樮᪨ -
,   80% ⢥ 祭 ⥫    㡥  㥤,
 ⮫쪮 ।⠢ 室 . ⥫쭠  -
筮  ᨨ 㦥 ࠪ᪨   㡥, ଠ쭮 -
 㤭 ᨩ᪨ . "७" 窠 㬮  ᭮-
⥫쭥:  ᥩ   饣 祭 室 9  ,
  ࠤ ᯥ    ⨪. [2].

᭮묨 ஡  ᫥    ⢠  :  -
஡  魮    ।⠢ , ।-
    ᫥ ୮⥩ ନ஢,  ८ࠧ 
࠭ ࠧ    ⢥. ,  室-
 ⠪  樯  "ମ" - ᮢ㯭  
᢮⢠  ୮ ନ஢   "ତ" - 㪠
  ୮ ८ࠧ     㣨   
 ࠭  ⢥; - ஡ ࠧࠡ⪨ ⮤ -
⢥    ⢥  業    ⢥ ,   ⠪
ண஢ ॡ⥩ ⢠   ; - ஡ ᮧ-
 ⮤ ᫥   ⮯ । ࠧ-
    ॣ ᨨ,   ⠪  쭮 ⠡. -
  樯,  ਧ  襭 ⮩ ஡,  
  "ମ䨥"[1].    樮  -
襥  ᫮ ᮡ 樮 ࠢ ࠦ  -
,  ࠢ "᢮ ᪠,  ,  ।,  ந 
࠭ ଠ   ᯮᮡ" (. 29, . 4 -
樨 ).  襭   ᯥ祭 㯠  ⮬⨧஢-
  ଠ樮 ᠬ ()  ஫ ਭ "-
᪮" ᫮樨   (),   ⮯᪮ ࠪ-
.   3229 ,  墠祭 ⮬,  65% 室  ᪢. -
 訥 ਨ,  ࠪ᪨  墠祭 ଠ⨧-
.  ᬮ७      祭 ,   ⮫쪮  ᪢
ᯮ 74%   筮-孨᪮ ଠ樨,  84%  - ࠢ筮,
䨭ᮢ   ⭮-᪮ ଠ樨,  87%  - ࠢ᪮
ଠ樨, 92,6% - ᪮ ଠ樨.  ࠧ, 業-
஢    ⮫   饣 ਬ ࠭稢   樮-
쭮 .   㤭  ஢ ࠧࠧ  ᮧ-
   ᭮ த⮢   , ० ᥣ, ᯮ짮
⥫㭨樮 ⥩,  ᯮᮡ ᯥ 㤠    
 " ",  ࠪ᪨  㯭 ⮫쪮 짮-
⥫  ᮪ ⥦묨 ᯮᮡﬨ.  樮    -  
᪠ ⥣.  ४⭠ ⠭   ⢥-
 業  ᮢ   裡  㣨 ᪨ ⥣-
ﬨ    㯭⠡ ࣠樮    ࠧ-
⪨  ॡ ⥫ ᨫ ᯥ樠⮢  祭 ᠬ ࠧ
⥩  [5].    ᯥ⨢   ଠ樮  
⢫. ଠ ਭ ᥬ -  ਭ樯 㦥 㧠
.  ,  ⤠ "᢮" ଠ () ,  
    ,  祭   祭. -
ࠧࠡ⠭  堭 ॠ樨 ࠢ  ⥫㠫 ᮡ-
⢥ ⢥ ࠧ ᤥন ࠧ⨥ 樮 -
樮  ᮢ.  ॡ 襭 ⠪ ஡ ᮭ樨,
祭 ,  饭   ଠ樮 䮭.
  室   ࠢ  ⥭樥 業
⢮᪮ 㤠  ᮧ ,    樠쭮  
⢮, ᮧ⥫ , ⠪  ⥭樥 襭  짮-
⥫ ﬨ,  ८業  -    ⨭  
㯭  㤠.   ஢ ᯮᮡ  ⢮᪨ -
⥭樠 ⢠,   㤥  쬠 ⨢  ᫥⢨  
 ࠧ.

 ਠ樨  ଠ樮  ᮢ  ⢠.  㦤
,  ⮢  樠쭮 ᯮ짮, ਠ
 㬥  ࠧ ⥫,  ⮬ ᫥ ஭,  ந-
 ⢠  ..  ⢥  ॡ⥫᪨  ᢮⢠
஭  ᯥ稢, ਬ, 孮 ⨬,
 ᭨ 業   த ⨣  ࠭    
᪨ -᪠ (CD-ROM).  ᫨  1993 .  ᨨ  -
饭  CD-ROM,    1994 . - 㦥 25,   1995 .  -
  100 ଠ樮 த⮢,  ⮬ ᫥ ,  CD-ROM.

஡ "஭樨" ଠ樮 䮭 ᨨ.  ᮡ -
  ᨨ  ஡ ஭樨  樮  ⥪,
ࠧ ,  襭 ன  ⢥   ⨢-
 ଠ樮 ᮢ ࠭.   1994  ⮬   १-
      ⨪ ଠ⨧樨 ⮢ 樮 
"⮬⨧஢ ଠ樮  ᨨ. ﭨ  ⥭-
樨 ࠧ"[3].

⮬⨧஢ ଠ樮    ᨨ.    㯭 
ᨨ ।祭  :  ꥬ 設 䮭 ⨢
ଠ樨 ⠢ 16 . 㬥⮢.  饬 ꥬ  ᨨ -
  ⠢ 筮-孨᪠ ଠ,      
ࠧ  뭮 ⭮襭  ⨢   ࠭-
  ᪮, , ࠢ ଠ樨.   㪨
   ଠ樮 ᨢ ⠢ 11-12%, ॠ-
  3-4%. 稭 - ⢨  ࣠ ଠ-
樮 뭪[4].
  ॡ⥫ ଠ樨   ࠢ筮-樮 -
    ଠ樮 ⮢஢  .    蠥  "-
ॣ",  ᮧ ஭ ⠫ ⢥   
,   ஬  饬 ६ 室  10 . ᢥ-
     .  ᨨ 뢠  30 . , ᮤ-
 ⭨  ଠ樨. ,  , 㯭  -
ப 㣠 짮⥫,  뢠   3 .  ⢮
 ,   ⭮ ⮢୮ ᮤঠ饩   ଠ樨,  -
 । ⨢  㠫樨. , 15%  -
 , ਬ୮ 11% - ⠫쭮, 13% - 筮, 
7%  - .  㯨 ᮧ      -
⭮ ࠦ஢  ᯥ⭮ ᯮ짮,  ⠪  ⮨-
 ᮧ  ,  ਬ, 㬥⠫쭮    -
   㬥   । 40-200 $.
 ஬ ⮢ ,  㯭  ஢ 뭪,   (-
 5 .    ).  ࠭,   ⠢  100
  ,  ⭮ ,  ⠭ (641),  (480), -
ࠫ (182), ࠭ (288), ଠ (342),  (153). , -
  ஢ 뭪,  ।⠢  29 몠 .  ﭨ 
1995     1131 ,    ० on-line,  
 99%   ਭ    32 (0,03%) - ࠭ 쥣 -
,   મ ᢨ⥫  樨 㪨.  .  -
  ,  祭  ᯮᮡ 㯠.  
  :  - 㬥⮣᪨ (᪨,  ⨢-
);  - 䠪⮣᪨; - ᫮; - ⥪⮢  ⥪-
;  -  ᨪ᪨.   祭 ᮤঠ饩 ଠ樨 
 :  -   ଠ樨 (樠쭠,  ᪠   .
ଠ,  ,  ॣ);  -    ଠ樨  ᯥ樠⮢
(᪠,  ࠢ࠭⥫쭠  .  ଠ);  -  ᮢ
ଠ樨.    ᯮᮡ 㯠   :  - ,  ࠧ饭 
 (㯭 १ );  - ,  ࠦ㥬   㭨⨢
ଠ;   -  ,  ࠦ    ணࠬ묨  ।⢠  (
CD-ROM); -  .

⠭ ஡   ⨨  "䠪⮣᪨    樠
".  樠  ⭮   ᥫ  樠쭮
।.   ᥫ  ᪨, ᯮ, -
஢,  樠,  樭᪨   㣨 ᮭ  
⤥ 筮,   ⠪ ᢮   ᥫ 㤠⢠ 
楫    ⤥ ਩   । 㯯 ᥫ:
ᨮ,  ꥬ騪,   誮쭮 , 騭 
.  㤭  ᮧ  ᨨ   ᥫ 易  ⢨
室 ⢠ 㯥-,  ⥩ 裡,  ⠪   -
 䨭஢ ⮣ ࠢ.   樠쭮 -
    ,  ࠤந⥫⢥,  த᪮ -
᪮ ࠭ᯮ,  த᪮ 宧⢥,  , 襭 -
 浪  [6]. 祭묨  ᯥ樠⠬ ⠢   -
室   㡮 ࠡ⪨ ᠬ  "樠쭠 -
",  ࠧࠡ⪨ ⥬ ⥫   ᠭ  ᮧ ᮮ-
 ஭ . , ਬ, । ⨥ "ॣ-
쭠 ࠭⢥-।⭠  ।"[7]  ॠ  樮-
࠭⢥  (ਠ) ᯥ ⥫쭮 .  
 饨,   ⠪ ﭭ ᫥  , -
ਬ,  ᫥騩 ଠ⨢:   祫    ஥-
  樠쭮-묨 楫ﬨ - 8000 .  (஦)    6000
.  (ᥫﭨ).     ஦  । ஥ 3700 .  
,   ᥫﭨ ᥣ 2100 . 祢,  室 筠 -
⪠    䠪⮣᪮     ᮢ६ ஢  ⠪
   "樠쭮 ६".  ஭ 䠪⮣-
   樠   楫 室  ᨨ   砫쭮
⠤. 쪮 稥 ᥣ ᯥ   ᮭ  㯥, -
  ᮮ⢥  ᢮   ᠬ,  稥 ࠧ
। 裡,   ⠪ ᮢ६ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ( १-
⭮,  ⠪   ।)  ࠪ  -
⨢ ᯮ짮 ଠ樮 ᮢ  ࠭  ⨢-
   㡥묨    [8].  襭 
樠  孨᪨ ஡ ⨢樨  ଠ樮  ᮢ
ᨨ,  , 㢥祭  ଠ樮 ⥭樠, -
 ᮧ 室    ணᨢ  ࠧ  ଠ樮
। ⢠.


        :

1.  .. 樠쭠 ଠ⨪ - 筠  ⨭ਠ쭮-
  ⢠  // 樠쭠 ଠ⨪-94.  2.  ॢ ..,  
..,  .. 㤠 祭  // ᨬ , 17 -
 1994 .  3.    ଠ樮 . "⮬⨧-
 ଠ樮  ᨨ.  ﭨ  ⥭樨 ࠧ"
(樮 ) // ⭨ ,  1994,  4-5, .5-66. 4. 設
.  ᪨   ଠ樮  //  , 2  1994
.  5.  ஬ ..  ન ଠ樮 孮. .: 䮀,
1993, .22. 6. 楯 ⥬       // ⭨
,  1990,   4,  .28.  7.  ஬ .. TERRA SOCIUM // ,
1992,   11, . 70. 8. ᥢ .. ᮭ    -
ଠ樮 ᮢ // 樠쭠 ଠ⨪. ., 1990, .154.



























