         1    樠쭠 ଠ⨪: ।   
           
           ⢮ ⨬  㯠   ଠ樮 .
 ଠ樮  ﭭ ⠥,     ࠦ-
   㬬୮ ࠡ祬 ६,   ᪨ ࠧ ࠭ 㦥
ᥣ ⠢ 40-60%   ,      
  10-15%.
            ਥ 室 ⢠  ⨭ਠ쭮  
    ଠ樮 ⠤ ࠧ  㦨 業 ᥫ-
, ⮣   : - ᫨  ⢥  50% ᥫ -
   ,  㯨 ⨭ਠ쭠 䠧  ࠧ; -
᫨  ⢥  50%  ᥫ    ଠ樮 -
,  ⢮ ⠫ ଠ樮.  拉 㡫権 ⬥砥, 
 㯨  ⨭ਠ ਮ ᢮ ࠧ  1956  (
 ୨ ८  㡥   1910 ),   ଠ樮-
 ⢮  ⠫  1974 .
 ਧ ᮬ  ⨦    㣨 ࠭   -
ଠ⨧樨, 室 ,  ।  "ଠ樮-
"    ࠭ ᮧ   뭮 鸞 ਠ,  ।
᪨ ।,  ந  㣨 ࠭ ,     ⠪
뢠 "᪮ ".

 ᯮ樠쭮  ꥬ .   ⠬ 㪮,
 砫 襩   㤢  ॡ 1750 ,  ஥
㤢 ந諮  1900 ,   -  1950 , .. 㦥  50
,    ꥬ ଠ樨     8-10 ࠧ[1]. 祬
  ⥭     ᨫ,  ⠪  ꥬ    
    ,   ꥬ ଠ樨  㢥  ,
祬  30 ࠧ.  , 稢襥  "ଠ樮 ",
㪠뢠 । ᨬ⮬,  ᢨ⥫  砫  ଠ-
樨  :  - ஥ ᮪饭 ६ 㤢 ꥬ -
  ;  - ॢ襭 ਠ묨 ⠬  ࠭-
, ।  ࠡ ଠ樨  室  ࣥ-
⨪;  -   ॠ쭮  祫⢮  ᬮ
(஢  ࠤ祭     ⤥ ⪠ ࠤ-
 ᡫ) [2].

 樠 ⥬ (ࠬ )[3].

  饩 ᫨


50% 1 2 3 4

  ...

६


1- ਠ쭮 ந⢥ (ਠ쭮 ⢮), 2-  
(⨭ਠ쭮 ⢮), 3-  ଠ樮  (ଠ-
樮 ⢮),  4-  ⥫㠫쭮 ⥫쭮 (୮
⢮).

楯 ⨭ਠ쭮  ⢠  樮᪠ ⥮
ࠧ 筮  㡮  ࠧࠡ⠭  묨  ᫥⥫ﬨ:
.,  .३⮬, .⨭, .㤮, ., .䫥-
஬,  .  .   . । ⨭ਠ쭮
⢮    "樢  ".  ⢥ 㪠 ⨫ 
 ஡⨪ ⥫쭮 .   뫮 易  ,
 ⭮  ⥬,    ନ "⨭ਠ쭮", "ଠ樮-
"  ୠ⨢ ଠ樮 ନ  -  "樠᪮",
"㭨᪮"  ⢮.  ⨥ ଠ樮 ⢠ 
 冷  ࠧ묨 ⨯ ଠ権,   
 ⨬ ᯮᮡ ࠧ   . । ⢥-
 祭,   ⥫   ࠧ⨥ ⮣  ࠢ,
室 ⬥ ..誮,  ..ᥥ, ..⮢, ..-
 ,  ..㫠  .   饥 ६ ⨢ ࠡ   ⮬
ࠢ ⠬ .,  ..  .

    । ᠬ ନ "ଠ⨧"?   ⢥ 
  ⢥ ࠧ  室     ॠ쭮
ﭨ  ᯥ⨢ ࠧ ᮢ ଠ⨧樨 ⢠. -
  ।⠢     ଠ⨧    "⥬-
-⥫쭮    ଠ樥  ᮬ ࠢ-
  ࠧ   । ଠ⨪  楫 ᮧ ଠ-
樮 ⢠   ⮩ ᭮ - 쭥襣 த ண
樢樨"[4].    鸞 ஢,  ଠ⨧樨 -
砥  ᥡ  易 : - ⨧ -  -
襭⢮ । ᡮ,  ࠭  ࠭ ଠ樨;
-  ਧ  -  ᮢ襭⢮ । ᪠  -
⪨ ଠ樨,  ⠪ - ⥫㠫 -  ࠧ ᯮ-
ᮡ   ஦ ଠ樨,  .. 襭 ⥫-
㠫쭮 ⥭樠 ⢠,   ᯮ짮 ।  -
⢥ ⥫.  樠⠬ ⬥砥[5],   ,  ᮦ,
樠쭠 ଠ⨧     ࠧ⨥  ଠ樮-
-㭨⨢  ᮢ  ⢥   襩 ୮
 ⥫㭨樮 孨. ଠ⨧ ⢠  ਭ樯 -
 ࠪ⮢  ࠧ⨥ , ⢥ ᮢ襭⢮, ࠤ-
  ᨫ      ᮢ६   ଠ樮-孮᪨
।  ⨢  樠   ᮢ.  ଠ⨧
  "᫨"  ᠬ  樠쭮  ⥫㠫樨,  -
⢥ 饩 ⢮᪨ ⥭樠 筮   ଠ樮
।.  㦤   80- . 楯樨 ଠ⨧樨 ࠭
祭묨    ᯥ樠⠬ 뤥﫠   -   ⮫쪮 
楯樨 ଠ⨧樨,  ᪮쪮  楯樨 ࠧ ⢠, 
 ,  ଠ⨧ - ⭨ ⨧樨  
 . 騩  ᥬ   ⠭  ࠧ ଠ-
  ⢠   ꥪ⨢ ࠪ     ࠣ
""   ࠭,  ᫠ ᯥ ⨧樨 襣 ⢠
ਢ    ⢨ 쥧 樠쭮  ""  -
襭⢮ ଠ樮 ।.

   ⠪ ଠ樮 ⢮?    ࠧ?  ਬ, 
 .. ⮢[6] ⢮ ⠥ ଠ樮, ᫨: - -
 ,  㯯 ,  ।⨥  ࣠     窥
࠭        ६    ᮮ⢥  
ᯫ⭮  ᭮ ⮬⨧஢ 㯠  ⥬  裡  
ଠ    ,  室   ⥫쭮  襭
  樠쭮 稬 ; -  ⢥ ந, 㭪樮-
  㯭  ,  㯯  ࣠樨 ᮢ६
ଠ樮 孮;  -  ࠧ , ᯥ-
稢騥 ᮧ 樮 ଠ樮 ᮢ  ꥬ, -
室  ঠ ﭭ 饣  筮-孮-
   樠쭮-᪮ ண;  - ந室  ᪮-
७ ⮬⨧樨  ஡⨧樨    ᫥ ந⢠ 
ࠢ;  -  ந室  ࠤ  樠 ,
᫥⢨  뢠 ७    ଠ樮  -
⥫쭮  .

祭묨 뤥    ᭮ ⥮⨪-⮤᪨ 室 
ଠ⨧樨 ⢠: - 孮᪨,  ଠ樮 -
    ।⢮  襭 ந⥫쭮 㤠  
ᯮ짮 ࠭稢,   ᭮,  ࠬ ந⢠  -
ࠢ; - 㬠,  ଠ樮 孮 ᬠਢ-
    祫᪮ ,   祭   ⮫쪮
 ந⢠,    樠쭮 .

稭 ⥫쭮 ࠭ 孮᪮ 室, ⮦-
⢫ ⨩ "ଠ⨧"  "ਧ"   -
⨢,  ⠪  ꥪ⨢ ࠪ. ꥪ⨢ ࠧ⨥  -
   ,  ⭮, ᫨⥫쭮 孨  ६⥫쭮,
 "ᨢ" ࠪ.  ꥪ⨢   쬠 -
⥫쭮 ᫮     ஡,  ⠪  ,  -
७  ⢥   ⮦⢫ ਭ ⨬
䨭ᮢ  ᪨ .

ଠ⨧     , ⮩稢 ࠧ-
⨥  ⢠.  ᭮ ଠ樮  -   ⥫-
㠫쭮-ଠ樮 .   ᯮਬ २-
    ࠢ    ਠ묨 ᠬ - 㭤⮬ ।
⠯ ࠧ ⢠.  ਠ  ⪮ 稭 -
 ࠭. ᫨   -  த -   -
᪨ ஡,  ᫨  ⠥   ᥤ  -  ஦
䫨  . 樠쭮-᪠  ⢠, -
  ଠ樮 ,  㦥   ᢮  魮  
設⢠ 樠쭮-᪨  ᪨ ஡   ⥭-
樠 । ᯮ樠쭮 ࠧ⨥ ⢠  ᭮  
ࠬࠬ (" - ஦ ").

㤠⢥ ⨪    ଠ⨧樨 ᨨ,  稢
   㡥 1993-1994  .,  砥  ᫥騥  ᭮
ࠢ: - ᮧ  ࠧ⨥ 䥤ࠫ  ॣ ⥬ 
⥩ ଠ⨧樨  ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬   ⢨
   ଠ樮 ࠭⢥ ᨨ;  - ନ஢  
ଠ樮 ᮢ 㤠⢠    樮쭮  ﭨ;  -
ᯥ祭 ᮢ 樮쭮 ᭮   ଠ⨧樨
  㣨 ࠢ.   楯樨 ନ஢  ࠧ 
ଠ樮  ࠭⢠ ᨨ । ਮ 짮-
⥫ 㤠⢥묨 ଠ樮묨 ᠬ  ᫥饬  浪:
ࠦ, ।, ࣠ 㤠⢥ ࠢ. ⨢ -
ࠡ뢠 楯 ଠ樮 ᭮,  ⠢-
  楯樨 樮쭮 ᭮   ।⠢ -
 樠쭮 ਭ ⥬ 冷    ஡  ଠ樮
᭮,  ⮤  ।⢠    ᮢ -
, ⢠  㤠⢠  ଠ樮 .

樠쭠 ଠ⨪ - ।,  ।⭮    ᫥,
⮤᪠  ஫.    ଠ⨪  ⥬  
ந⢥,  ࠡ⪥,  ࠭  ࠭   -
ଠ樨  ⢥,  த  孨᪨ ன⢠ (  ⢥-
  ⢥ ⥬).  ।⮬ 祭 樠쭮 ଠ-
⨪   㪨   ଠ⨧樨 ⢠,   ⠪ 
⢨  樠 ,   ⮬ ᫥ -  ࠧ⨥  -
  祫  ⢥,    樠  ⢠
 ﭨ ଠ⨧樨 [7].  樠쭠 ଠ⨪ -   㪠,
    ஡,  易  宦 ଠ樮
ᮢ  㬥.    筮 ࠢ    몥
⠪ 樯  ଠ⨪,  樮,  宫,  䨫.
 ⨥ "樠쭠 ଠ⨪" 뫮 । ..
 ..祬  1971 .    ᭮ 樠쭮 -
ଠ⨪  .. ᬠਢ 樠 ଠ⨪  
  ନ஢ ஦饣 ଠ樮 ⢠.

樠쭠 ଠ⨪     筮   ஢
:  1 ஢ - ⥮⨪-⮤᪨ ( ᭮  ⥣-
ਨ,     ୮ 宦 ଠ樮 ᮢ 
⢥); 2 ஢ - । ( 樠 "१" ᪨, -
,  宫᪨  㣨 ᯥ⮢ ଠ⨧樨); 3 ஢ -
᪨ (樠 ᯥ ᮧ,  ७  樨  -
ଠ樮  孮    ᮮ⢥ । ).  
-奬 ࠦ  樠쭮  ଠ⨪    筮
 ( 樠쭠 ଠ⨪  ப ᫥ ᫮):

  ⨪-⮤᪨ ஢  ( 樠쭠 ଠ⨪  㧪
᫥ ᫮)

                        樠 १: ᪨ ࠢ -
᪨
        ᯥ⮢ ᯥ⮢ ᯥ⮢ ଠ⨧樨  ଠ⨧樨  ...
ଠ⨧樨


ଠ樮 ଠ樮 ଠ樮 孮  孮 
 孮   ࠢ ... 宫
(.ᯥ) (.ᯥ) (.ᯥ)





樠쭠 ଠ⨪ ࠥ ⮤ ஫  ⠪ 뢠
᫥ ଠ⨪:  ᪮ ,  ࠢ ,  宫᪮ ,
樮᪮ ଠ⨪  㣨.    ᫥ ଠ⨪,
  ᢮ ।⭮ ,  室 ன  ⨩ ஢ -
쭮 ଠ⨪  筮 ,  ⠪ ,  ਬ, ࠢ -
ଠ⨪     樠묨 १ ࠢ ᯥ⮢
ଠ⨧樨  樠묨 ᯥ⠬ ᮧ   ७  ࠢ
ଠ樮  孮.   饥 ६  㧠 ᨨ  -
⨢ ⠭ 樠쭮 ଠ⨪   楫  祡-
 樯[8].  砬 祡  "᭮ 樠쭮 ଠ-
⨪"  :  - ᮧ ᭮ 㬥 ࠢ쭮 ਥ஢ 
 ଠ樮 ॠ쭮     楫,  ⠪   ᨨ; -
ନ஢ ।⠢  魮 室    -
୮ ࠬ⭮,   祣  ࣠筮 祭  ᮢ-
६ ଠ樮 ।  ⨢ ᮤ⢨  ࠧ; - -
⮤᪠ ⮢  쭥襬 祭, ᢮   
ࠧࠡ⪥ ଠ樮 孮  ᮮ⢥饩 ।⭮  -
: 樮, 宫, , 樠쭮 ࠡ, ୠ-
⨪, ࠢ .

                                  :

1. ᨫ쥢 ..    ଠ樥. ., 1973, .20. 2. ஬ ..
ન ଠ樮 孮.  .,1993, . 19-20. 3. Porat M. Glo-
bal implications of information Society.  J.Community,  1978,  Winter,
p.76.  4.   .  ଠ⨧ ⨨:  室 楯樨 
ਭ樯  ࠧࠡ⪨ //  ⨨,  1990,  2,  .71. 5. 
.., 䥭楢 .. "樠 ⥫":   筮 -
⨥?  // ,  1993,   8, .153. 6. ⮢ ..  -
୮ ॢ樨.  .1991, .32-33. 7.  .. 樠쭠 ଠ-
⨪ - 筠  ⨭ਠ쭮 ⢠ // 樠쭠  -
⨪ - 94,  ., 1994, .5. 8.  .. ஡ ⠭ -
ଠ⨪  祡 樯 // 樠쭠 ଠ⨪ -  95,  .,
1995, .19-22.
































